The study examines the trend, pattern, and composition of public health expenditure in India from 2004–05 to 2019–20, both at the national and state levels. The findings indicate that per capita public health expenditure recorded a significant positive growth rate of 15.64 percent during the study period. Simultaneously, key health outcome indicators such as the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) exhibited a consistent decline, reflecting notable improvements in public health. The analysis further reveals a negative correlation between public health expenditure and both IMR and MMR, suggesting that higher levels of public spending are associated with better health outcomes. In terms of composition, revenue expenditure consistently exceeded capital expenditure across both levels, indicating a greater emphasis on operational and maintenance costs relative to infrastructure development. Moreover, the distribution of public health expenditure by level of care displays significant inter-state disparities, pointing to unequal allocation and prioritization of health resources among Indian states. The study highlights the need for increased and well-balanced investment in the public health sector to ensure equitable and sustainable improvements in health outcomes across the country.

Keywords: HFS, IMR, MMR, NHFS, Public health expenditure.
JEL Classification: J13, H51, I15.

This study examines disparities in household amenities across rural and urban Haryana using unit-level data from the National Statistical Office’s Multiple Indicator Survey (78th Round), 2020-21. A multidimensional Household Amenities Index (HAI) is constructed using indicators covering housing, energy, drinking water, sanitation, waste disposal, health access and other facilities. Descriptive analysis and a Tobit regression model has been employed to identify socio-demographic and spatial determinants of household amenity levels. The findings revealed substantial rural-urban and social-group disparities, while education is positively associated with household amenities. District-level variations are also considerable, highlighting the need for targeted and inclusive policies to improve household living conditions in Haryana.

Keywords: Household Amenities, Household Amenities Index (HAI), SDG, Tobit regression, and Haryana.