MAKE MOST OF THE KNOWLEDGE NETWORK, JOIN ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION

Food security essentially means that all people at all times have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain health and to lead active life. Food manufacturing sector is one of the important pillars in achieving food security with many different manufacturing activities including milk production. Milk is the best food for humans, the importance of milk producing after food awareness and individual incomes, which in turn led to an increase in demand. Milk production is an important source of income for the rural poor, unfortunately the condition of dairy sector in India. In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the Milk production and the per capita availability of milk in India and Karnataka. The study is based on secondary data collected from the various literature has also been gathered from National Dairy Development Board, published articles, books and other reports.

Key words: Food, Milk, Production.

Tomato is the most popular vegetable in the world because of its taste, high nutritive value, also for its diversified use and increasing commercial value. It is an important constituent of every Naga (Indian) meal, and its cultivation contributes significantly to livelihood improvement. The demand for tomato is very high and even though Longkhum village leads in production of tomatoes and is also knows for exporting within and outside the state but supply still falls short of demand. Despite the increasing demand, farmers in Longkhum village are unable to meet the demand. The reason for low yield when compared to other states are due to factors like, it is organic, absence of modern machines and ideas, no proper market, infestations by fungi, bacteria and the competing weeds are predominant. In spite of many drawbacks, farmers still earn a good amount of profit from tomato cultivation that has improved the livelihood of the people in Lonkhum village by a great extend. Even though tomato cultivation was found to be very profitable but there is an urgent need to develop biocontrol agents and varieties of tomato that can resist the damage by fungal diseases like early blight, late blight and wilt because, breeding for resistant plant varieties and application of pesticides are insufficient to control.

Keywords: Tomato Cultivation, Economic, Significant, Yield,

Highlights

• Cultivation of tomatoes in Longkhum village

• Efficiency of tomato cultivation

• Lack of modern technologies and ideas

• Need for breeding for resistant plant varieties and application of pesticides

JEL Classification Code: D24; E21; E31; F66; H21; C81.

This paper investigates whether and to what extent credit ratings directly affect capital structure decisions. The motivation for this study begins with the observation that corporate financial managers care about credit ratings. Graham and Harvey (2011) find that credit ratings are the second highest concern for CFOs when considering debt issuance. The paper outlines discrete costs and benefits associated with firm credit rating differences, and tests whether concerns for these costs and benefits directly affect financing decisions. Using two distinct measures, firms are differentiated as to whether or not they are close to having their debt rating changed. Then controlling for firm-specific factors, tests examine whether firms that are near a change in rating issue less debt over a subsequent period when compared to a control group. Results show that concerns about upgrades or downgrades of bond credit ratings directly affect managers’ capital structure decisions. Firms near a change in credit rating issue (retire) annually up to 1.5% less (more) debt relative to equity as a percentage of total assets than firms not near a change in rating. Prior evidence suggests that credit ratings affect asset valuations in the financial marketplace; this paper takes the next step and analyzes to what extent they are significant in capital structure decision making.

Keywords: Credit Ratings, Capital Structure, Indian Industries, Financing Decisions, Debt Issuance Transport.

JEL codes: D68, H44, H55, R42

Immense expansion and unparallel qualitative transformation in the institutions, instruments and regulatory mechanisms have transformed the global financial markets in the developed nations as well as the emerging economies of Asia and Africa. Present paper attempts to examine the changing dynamics of Asian financial markets during 2010-2019. Paper finds that average GDP growth rate has been quite sluggish in both EU and MAE while it has been quite optimistic in EDA, ASEAN-5 and India. Net direct investment shows consistency while net portfolio investment, net other investment and net financial derivatives show inconsistency and fluctuations in EDA. Average financial account balance of EDA is calculated as positive. Average values of net portfolio investment and net financial derivatives are calculated as negative, indicating outflow of such investment from EDA. Current account balance of MAE, EU, EDA and ASEAN-5 indicate consistency and stability. Yearly and monthly External commercial borrowings in India show high level of consistency. In most of the larger Asian emerging economies, large amount of foreign exchange reserves accumulated by governments and central banks can be used to assist private firms. Financial incentives should be generated so as to discourage foreign exchange borrowing by exporters or domestic corporate.

Key words: Emerging and Developing Asia, Financial Crisis, Investment, Volatile Capital Flows.

The groundwater has traditionally been dealt in north Indian states with in a laissez-faire mode without attention to the sustainability of the resource. Groundwater institutions are in an evolutionary phase and no simple blueprints for management success are appropriate. Groundwater overexploitation is a major concern. In Punjab, the level of exploitation is already at the level of around 98 per cent and Haryana follows with 80 per cent. The situation is also precarious in state of Rajasthan where the level of exploitation is about 62 per cent. Several parts of north Indian states have seen a steep decline in water tables. The implications of this trend are serious. Artificial recharge has augmented groundwater supply and delayed the crisis. Significant policy efforts by respective state governments have occurred in recent past and have shown significant localized progress in key areas of groundwater governance, however, the major performance challenges and institutional issues continue to persist. Therefore, the correction of institutional and governance bottlenecks in the development of groundwater is very vital. The development of groundwater resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the recharging possibilities, as also to ensure social equity. The detrimental environmental consequences of over-exploitation of groundwater need to be effectively prevented by legislation and its enforcement by local government bodies. Groundwater recharge projects should be developed and implemented with community participation for augmenting the available supplies.

Keywords: Groundwater; institutions; regulation; recharge; North Indian states; policy

JEL Codes: Q01, Q15, Q25, Q28, Q53