This review paper explores the educational experiences and evolving aspirations of Tangkhul and Maram tribal youth in the Ukhrul and Senapati districts of Manipur, India, through the lens of social development. However, it draws on secondary sources such as academic literature, government reports, NGO publications, and policy documents. Furthermore, the paper examines how formal education influences identity formation, community engagement, and pathways to social mobility among tribal students. It considers the historical marginalisation of tribal communities in India’s Northeast and critically reflects on how socio-cultural values intersect with development paradigms and educational structures. Additionally, the paper identifies recurring themes such as the conflict between traditional and modern identities, the role of family and community expectations, and the impact of state and institutional frameworks on access and quality of education. Reviewing these dynamics, the paper emphasises the potential of culturally inclusive and participatory educational models to promote equitable social development. The paper strongly advocates for more community-driven and context-sensitive educational strategies that can align with the aspirations and lived realities of tribal youth in these districts.

Keywords: Tangkhul and Maram Tribe, Tribal Youth identity, Social Development, Educational Aspirations, Indigenous Education.

An attempt was made in this study to investigate the long-run relationship between gender disparity and economic growth in India by applying appropriate econometric models covering the period from 1990-1991 to 2022- 2023. The results showed a significant difference in the Gender Development Index and the Gender Inequality Index across the states of India. The results of the Ordinary Least Squares regression show that gender inequality had a negative effect on economic growth. The estimated error correction terms had appropriate negative signs at the 5 per cent level of significance, which confirmed that there could be a long-run equilibrium association between the dependent and independent variables. The results of the Vector Error Correction Model showed that lagged coefficients of education and health expenditure by one year had a significant positive effect on economic growth, implying that budgetary allocations for education and healthcare led to a rise in economic growth. The decomposition results showed that the variance in Gross State Domestic Product Per capita Income was mostly explained by Gender Inequality Index, Labour Force Participation Rate and Female Schooling. The findings would be helpful for policymakers in reducing gender inequalities in all forms across the states.

Keywords: Economic growth, Gender Inequality, Impact, India, OLS, VECM

The traditional Indian games, collectively known as Bh?rat?ya Khel, encapsulate the essence of India’s historical, cultural, and social fabric. Rooted in ancient texts and practices, these games, including Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Chaturanga (chess), and Mallakhamb, extend beyond mere entertainment to promote physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. They embody philosophical values derived from Indian scriptures, such as the Rig Veda, Mah?bh?rata, and N??ya??stra, emphasizing principles like endurance, discipline, and self-realization. Such games are played across generations, Bh?rat?ya Khel have served as instruments for survival training, social bonding, and cultural expression. Digital entertainment has reduced awareness of these games. Government and cultural initiatives aim to revitalize them in modern educational frameworks. These efforts highlight their importance for fitness, cultural preservation and social cohesion, positioning Bh?rat?ya Khel as vital to Indian identity globally. Based on secondary sources, this article enhances understanding of Bh?rat?ya Khel for future generations, aiming to preserve indigenous knowledge and show its relevance in modern education and recreation.

Keywords: Bh?rat?ya Khel, Wellbeing, Cultural Expression, History, Social Bonding

India’s Scheduled Tribes, constituting 8.6% of the population, face severe challenges due to poverty, unemployment, and dwindling common property resources, particularly forests. These marginalized communities, defined under Article 366(25) of the Constitution, have historically depended on forests for their livelihoods. However, forest laws and external exploitation have severed their traditional connection to forests, alienating them from their habitats. This paper examines the tribes’ rights to forest resources, their livelihood struggles, and the environmental degradation exacerbating their plight. It highlights the urgent need for scientific forest management, including mixed-species plantations and resource recycling, to conserve endangered forest resources and resolve the energy crisis forest-dependent tribes face while maintaining ecological balance. Further, this paper examines the intricate relationship between tribes and forests, the socio-economic and environmental challenges they face, and the potential of decentralized renewable energy to meet their energy needs sustainably.

Keywords: Endangered Forest Resources, Environmental Degradation, Energy Crisis, Forest-Dependent Tribes

Social and community services carried out by the public sector are expected to better the lots of the people in the country and consequently, much investments are committed into these services. This notwithstanding, the role of public sector’s investments in social and community services in the living standard of Nigerians, has not been clarified in empirical literature. Therefore, this study empirically explored the role of public sector’s social and community services in the standard of living in Nigeria during the period, 1981 to 2022. Secondary data used in the study were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin and World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The analysis of the time series data using Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) regression technique reveals the existence of positive and significant effects of government total capital and recurrent expenditures on social and community services on standard of living in Nigeria. However, government recurrent expenditure on education exerted negative significant effect on standard of living and government recurrent expenditure on health had positive non-significant effect on standard of living in Nigeria in the study period. The study concluded that public sector’s investment in social and community services improves standard of living in Nigeria. This suggests the need for more investments by the Government in social and community services in Nigeria.

Keywords: Capital Expenditure, Government Expenditure, Public Investment, Social and Community Services, Standard of Living, Recurrent Expenditure.

The present study evaluates the effectiveness of Bloom’s Taxonomy in agricultural education, focusing on its implementation in enhancing cognitive skills among agricultural students. Bloom’s Taxonomy, a hierarchical framework, classifies learning objectives into six levels: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analysing, Evaluating, and Creating. The study was conducted during the academic year 2024-25 at the Institute of Agriculture Research & Technology, where 62 undergraduate agricultural students were selected using a random sampling technique. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule, and an ex-post facto research design was adopted. The results indicated that while most students excelled in lower-order cognitive domains (Remembering and Understanding), a significant gap was observed in the transition to higher-order thinking skills (Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating). Constraints such as lack of faculty availability, inadequate lab facilities, and insufficient practical exposure hindered the effective implementation of higher- rder cognitive skills. Students highlighted the need for enhancing communication skills, improving faculty-student interaction, and strengthening practical learning environments to overcome these barriers. The study recommends adopting innovative teaching methods, increasing faculty engagement, and introducing agribusiness skill development programs to promote critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Effective implementation of Bloom’s Taxonomy in agricultural curricula can empower students to tackle real-world agricultural challenges, enhancing their professional competency and career readiness.

Keywords: Bloom’s Taxonomy, Agricultural Education, Cognitive Skills, Higher-Order Thinking, Faculty-Student Interaction, Practical Learning, Skill Development, Agricultural Curriculum.

Perinatal mental health has emerged as a critical public health concern globally; however, it remains inadequately explored within the socio-cultural contexts of India‘s Indigenous and tribal communities. This paper offers a theoretical and review-based analysis of perinatal mental health issues among sub-tribes in the Churachandpur district of Manipur, which is one of the ethnically diverse regions in Northeast India. Drawing on sociological theories of health, illness, and care—particularly symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, and intersectionality—the paper critically examines how socio-cultural norms, gender roles, kinship systems, marginalization, and access to healthcare shape maternal mental health experiences in the perinatal period. By reviewing existing literature and regional studies, the paper foregrounds the need for culturally sensitive frameworks and mental health interventions that consider the lived experiences and realities of tribal women. It also highlights the gaps in research and policies connecting indigenous communities in Northeast India, advocating for a more inclusive and decolonized sociological engagement with maternal health.

Keywords: Gender, Indigenous communities, intersectionality, Manipur, Maternal Care, Northeast India, Tribal women, Perinatal Mental-health, Sociology of Health, Tribal women.

Cultural identity is shared communal experiences which are rooted in a collective memory passed down orally over generations, giving its members a sense of communal purpose. Since the colonial era, the external pressures such as government policies, economic development, modernity, social transition and intercultural interactions have slowly eroded the cultural identity and social fabric. The strong sense of tradition is often challenged by external influences that overshadow or seek to erase these practices.

Economic development is a qualitative improvement in overall human well-being and economic growth, achieved by integrating economic goals with environmental protection, social equity, and responsible governance, for a sustainable and inclusive growth path.  This paper attempts to analyse and assess the threats to the erosion of cultural identity posed by economic development in the context of the Phom society. It aims to provide an in-depth exploration of how economisation, globalisation, and urbanisation lead to the erosion of the cultural identity of marginalised sections of society. It gives insights and practical policy recommendations for a development model that is inclusive, sustainable, and rooted in the cultural and ecological wisdom of tribal communities.

Keywords: Economic development, cultural identity, Phom Nagas, threat.

This paper attempts to bring together the different practices of the feasts of merit among the Sangtam Naga tribe in Kiphire and Tuensang District. The Koh thsütitüp (feasts of merit) in the past brought respect and prestige to the individual during their lifetime and were remembered even after their death; the couple who gave the Anyidsi and Yongdiba wore a unique shümüpi shawl and a shürongthsi wraparound or makhela. An individual who completes giving Koh thsütitüp a series of feasts of merit wears Nengthsanengkhongrü renown and thsapihipirü elite shü shawl, signifying the recognition and honour earned through philanthropic acts. The donors of the Koh thsütitüp families live in a unique, constructed house that features a new roof made of hay called “shaara,” with its edge cut straight. This work will illuminate the social traditional institutions of feasts of merit and highlight inequalities and stratification based on factors such as authority, prestige, and wealth in society, as some individuals elevate their status by wearing different shawls and wraparounds and by constructing houses in a different form from those of others in the village or community. Gerhard Lenski, in the book Power and Privilege (1966), terms social stratification as limited and important resources, such as status and wealth, being distributed within the community, and his analysis of the question of “who gets what and why” indicates power as the significant factor determining this distribution (Lenski, 1984).The study area covered Sangtam villages in Kiphire and Tuensang districts. This study uses the ethnographic method, a qualitative approach. The data were collected using both primary and secondary sources.

Keywords: Sangtam, Feasts of merit, shift, prestige, Yongdiba and Anyidsi. Koh thsütitüp.

Food culture constitutes an essential aspect of every society. Communities characterized by diverse cultural norms consume a wide range of foods and adhere to various dietary practices. The Surjagad jatra serves as a significant fair/festival and a traditional ceremonial gathering for the Madia tribe. Members of the Madia tribe assemble at the sacred site of Thakoar dev, located within the lush forests of the mountains. They engage in their customary cultural expressions, including folk dances and folk songs, while also undertaking a pilgrimage to the revered Thakoar dev, presenting offerings to both the Thakoar dev and their other deities. By examining their diverse food choices and preparation methods during the fair, we can gain insights into their sacred food offerings to their deities.

The Madia tribe resides in the Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra State. This Madia tribe is categorized as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Limited research has been conducted regarding the cultural practices of the Madia tribe.

This paper aims to investigate the culinary traditions practiced by the Madia tribe in Surjagad, located in Etapalli Taluka of Gadchiroli District. Various elements are linked to food culture, including essential food items provided by each villager, the ritual sacrifices of animals, the distribution of the meat from these sacrificial animals among the villagers, the preparation of dishes, sacred offerings, and the provision of food to participants. Surjagad holds significant spiritual value for the tribal communities living in the Gadchiroli District. Therefore, there is a pressing need for research into the dietary customs and cultural practices of the Madia tribe.

Keywords: Food Culture, Jatra (Fair), Festival, Pilgrimage, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.