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Based on a 2012 Ghanaian social accounting matrix, it was determined how different leisure levels and labour endowments affect household welfare and sectoral output. The findings of the leisure experiments point to a pattern in which the wellbeing of wealthiest households are negatively impacted. On the other hand, all other households see an increase in their welfare with rural farmer head savannah (hh01) always seeing the highest each time. Clearly there are redistribution impacts of leisure labour choice through income and substitution effects. When leisure is reduced in an effort to increase productivity, these rich households see a decrease in their consumption levels and the relatively poorer households see an increase in their welfare. So the question then is how can policy makers make such rich households contribute more to national development through income distributional effects by enhancement in their efficiency. Similar effects are noted when endowments change. Outputs in sectors increases. Some household save, spend more on health and education whiles others spend more consumption, specially on imported goods. The income gap between affluent and poor households is reduced when leisure is reduced (productivity is increased), but the income gap is increased when endowments are increased. The question is, “How might policymakers encourage measures that will boost economic happiness and satisfaction for both wealthy and disadvantaged households?” Rawalsian versus Benthamite notions of utility should be considered while setting policy options to achieve the aim of the MDGs.

Keywords: Dynamic CGE model of Ghana, Skill and Human capital, growth and redistribution.

JEL classification: E24, C68.

Since compensation is the organization’s lifeblood, compensation management plays a crucial and valuable function in human resource management. Moreover, it is crucial for both employees and employers This study focuses on Compensation Tools and Employee Performance in the Ministry of Youth and Sports in the state of Edo. The particular objective for this study is to determine the impact of health insurance on service quality. From the study objective, a hypothesis was stated, and 176 respondents at the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Edo state completed the self-administered questionnaires to measure the relationship between the variables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was used to analyze the gathered data. Based on the results gathered, there is a strong positive correlation between health plans and service quality in the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Edo state. The study concluded, based on the findings, that employee performance is directly affected by salary. Accordingly, it was suggested that adequate health benefits and Service Quality should be included in a remuneration package that influences the performance of employees.

Keywords: Compensation, Employee Performance, Health Plans, Service Quality

This paper develops a model highlighting the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth through social environment (forced mutual help and mimetic dynamics) compatible to an African context. The mimetic dynamics arise when the presence of foreign entrepreneurship inspires local entrepreneurship to develop endogenously through a cumulative process. By using an endogenous growth model (AK model), we show that economic growth is related to usual variables (entrepreneurial rate, productivity of capital, fraction of the economic surplus, rate of depreciation of the capital, fraction of the variation of the investment coming from the economic surplus). Importantly, economic growth is positively related to entrepreneurship through mimetic dynamics depending on some values of an indicator of forced mutual help. For some of these values, the ones compatible with too much community-based transfers, reducing those transfers induce a reinforcement of the impact of mimetic dynamics in entrepreneurship on economic growth. So that, in the context of an economy where the investible surplus is strongly dissolved into the universe of social obligations, governmental policies can reinforce the positive impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by reducing those community-based transfers.

Keywords: entrepreneurship, endogenous growth, social norms.

JEL classification: L26, O41, Z19.

This paper highlights some limits of weak form of efficiency tests on stock markets in developing countries. These tests, by neglecting important questions such as joined tests and the “bad model problem”, don't integrate all the empirical implications of the informational efficiency theory. By using a framework inspiring from Fama (1970) sub-martingale model and the Harrison-Kreps (1981) paradigm, we show the relevance of joined tests using as underlying model an equilibrium model as DCAPM (downside-Capital Asset Pricing Model) compatible with asymmetry and non-normality of the distribution of returns indeveloping countries.

Keywords: informational efficiency, efficiency test, joined tests, stock markets, LDCs.

JEL Classification Numbers: G11, G14, G15.

There seems to be disequilibrium between food items and petroleum price changes in Nigeria. Every petroleum price change is followed by a rise in the prices of food items and increased poverty. This study therefore examines the impact of petroleum product price changes on the prices of food items in the Nigerian economy. Annual time series data from 1991 to 2021 are employed and the study adopt ARDL approach to determine the long-run and short-run relationship between the price of premium motor spirits and the price of food items in Nigeria. However, as it is reported by the unit root test there is a mixture of 1(0) and 1(1) order of cointegration. With these results, it is more suitable to apply the ARDL approach. The results show that the price of premium motor spirit has a positive and significant impact on food items during the short run but in the long run, the prices of premium motor spirits have a positive and insignificant impact on the food items in Nigeria. The results of the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from the price of food items to the price of premium motor spirit and from the exchange rate to the price of food items. Therefore, the government should implement policies that encourage agricultural productivity which has great potential of boosting food supply so as to reduce the price of food items across the country. This way, timely increases in petroleum prices would generate more revenue without inflationary trends in food items.

Keywords: Food item, Premium Motor Spirit, Broad money supply, Real GDP, Exchange rate, Population growth rate, and Government

expenditure.

The study analyzes the impact of international trade on economic growth in Nigeria. Using Granger Causality test it indicates that trade balance does not Granger cause real gross domestic product at 5% level of significance. It also indicates that the degree of trade openness does not Granger cause real gross domestic product at 5% level of significance. The regression result shows that trade is not statistically significant to economic growth. Also, the result shows that trade openness is not statistically significant to economic growth. It is recommended that there is need for effective foreign exchange management capable of ensuring optimal productivity in the critical sectors of the economy. This can be achieved by diversification of the economy away from oil with a view to expanding export of non-oil goods and services to strengthen naira exchange rate under the managed float regime.

Keywords: International Trade, Economic growth, Trade openness, Granger Causality test, Foreign exchange, Economic diversification

JEL Classification: P33

this study was carried out to analyse the impact of environmental sensitivity on corporate organisations in developing countries, evidence from West Africa. The study employed the survey research design which data used for analysis were elicited through the use of questionnaire. The result obtained from study revealed that there is a negative effect of Environmental Sensitivity (ENS) on performance of corporate organizations. This is evidenced by coefficient value of -0.099. Statistically, the Sig. value of 0.037 is lower than the acceptable significance value of 0.05. Following the empirical result, Environmental Sensitivity (ENS) is found to have negative but significant effect on performance of corporate organizations. Our finding of insignificant influence is in line with Bhattachar yya (2015) which posits that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Practices reforms that emphasis pooling mechanism, especially environmental sensitivity is therefore required in developing countries. The study therefore recommends advocacy for strategic focus in environmental sensitivity practices by organization and the use of experts where necessary.

Keywords: Environmental sensitivity, Corporate organization, West Africa, Corporate performance, Developing countries

This study examines the welfare implication of the real wages, inflation and unemployment nexus, in sub-Saharan Africa countries from 2001 to 2020. The goal of this study is to analyze the role of wage rate in the impact of inflation and unemployment on household welfare in SSA. The study adopted Equal Satisfaction Capacity theory by Pigou as the theoretical framework, while the Panel GMM was employed in the estimation of the variables. The results showed that wage rate, population, and exchange rate have a positive and substantial relationship with household consumption and hence welfare, but inflation, unemployment, and government capital spending had a negative but significant relationship. Furthermore, government final consumption spending have a negative and significant relationship. The study made the following recommendation; the effective employment of macroeconomic policy tools in the control of inflation, increase in employment rate through a joint public private partnership in the creation of employment, full encouragement of entrepreneurial activities as well

as increase in real wage rate.

Keywords: Inflation, Real Wage, Unemployment, Real household consumption per capita, Panel GMM

JEL Classification: C23, I31, J31, J64

Aside adequate financial capital, companies also require strong governance and workplace practice that recognizes environmental and social needs of current and future stakeholders for it to achieve long term sustainability. The work examined the effect of sustainability reporting practices of environmental, social and economic on the firm value proxied by Tobin’s Q of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The work relied mainly on secondary source of data and comprised of published annual reports. The analytical tools consist of descriptive and correlation matrix. The hypotheses were tested using multiple regression. The research answered that; environmental sustainability reporting has a positive significant effect on the value of listed oil and gas firm in Nigeria. Also, economic sustainability reporting has a negative significant effect on the value of listed oil and gas firm in Nigeria. The result also showed that firm characteristics proxied by sales growth and leverage exerts a negative significant effect, whereas, firm size exerts a positive significant effect on sustainability reporting and firm value of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The work concluded that adequate compliance with sustainability rules and regulation will go a long way to bring more investors to the company which will in turn ultimately increase the firm value. Based on the above findings, the work recommended that oil and gas firms should comply 100% with the rules and regulations of sustainability reporting to increase the value of their firm in the long run.

Keywords: Financial capital, Sustainability reporting, Firm value, oil and gas companies, Nigeria, Tobin’s Q

This article provides an overview of inflation-forecast targeting (IFT) to build credibility and maintain stability. We show how inflation-forecast targeting is a transparent approach and an ideal strategy for monetary policy. In addition, public understanding would be essential to foster confidence and ensure the effectiveness of monetary policy. To this end, adequate management of expectations and transparent communication are important1.

Keywords : Inflation-Forecast Targeting, Expectations,Communication, Monetary policy

Jel Classification: E47, E52, E58

The impact of government expenditure, unemployment, inflation, and household consumption on the economic growth of India over the period 1990-2021 has been examined in this paper. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was performed by observing the assumptions of the classical linear model. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests were carried out for stationarity of the concerned variables. The study found that increasing government expenditure has a strong positive influence on the growth of national income and consumption and a negative influence on unemployment in India. The study recommends increasing government expenditure that could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities that also have a positive impact on improving consumption. Results indicate that inflation significantly depresses economic performance in India because of uncertainty and reduces investment, employment, and consequently output and consumption level. Unemployment has not significantly impacted the real GDP in India. Investment in physical capital and human capital has significantly promoted economic performance in India because investment in human capital improves the productivity of the labor forces and hence increases output and investment in physical capital increases the amount of capital per unit of labor and these have the potency of increasing productivity per worker. The overall effect is the increase in output and therefore economic performance. The study recommends increasing government expenditure as it boosts aggregate demand which could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities and enhance the consumption level of the public.

Keywords: Unemployment, Government Expenditure, Inflation, Consumption, Output Growth;

JEL: C25, E32, E37, E51

This study examines the influence of monetary policy on international trade in Nigeria. Sources of data are Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and World Development Indicator (WDI) 2021. The study uses Cointegration and Error correction mechanism to analyse the data. The cointegration result shows that there is a longrun relationship between international trade and monetary policy in Nigeria. The Error correction mechanism shows that all the variables are statistically significant at 5% level except for interest rate. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2) result, the study concludes that there are other non-monetary instruments that influence international trade not captured by the study. Fiscal policy should supplement the monetary agency through the CBN should regulate the monetary policy towards increasing the country’s productivity as this will lead to increase in export and also create employment.

Keywords: Monetary policy, International trade, Fiscal policy, Productivity, ECM, Cointegration

JEL Classification: E52, P33, E62