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This study investigates a chain of causalities among energy consumption and socioeconomic development in the Indian subcontinent with an annual dataset of 43 years from 1972-2014. By applying Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), it documents that the household final consumption expenditure positively determines the electricity consumption. The chain of causalities is reported in the order that energy consumption causes economic development which causes household final consumption expenditure and household final consumption expenditure causes electricity consumption. The main findings document that economic development led higher living standard positively drives carbon emissions through electricity consumption.

Keywords: Environmental degradation, household final consumption, CO2, causality.
JEL: O, Y

The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical insights into the optimal hedging strategies in farmers contracts usage. We study the hedging decisions of a risk-averse farmer. The farmer faces multiple sources of price uncertainty. Cross-hedging is plausible in that one of these two commodities has a futures market. We show that the farmer’s optimal futures market position is a fullhedge, an over-hedge, or an under-hedge, depending on whether the two random prices are strongly positively correlated, uncorrelated, or negatively correlated, respectively.

Keywords: agricultural price risk, cross-hedging, correlation

JEL classification: Q12, Q14

This paper focuses on fragile States, and look deeply how shocks on public spending affect private production, economic growth and households' welfare. The paper provides an explanation of a source of growth and technological progress in unstable countries. The increasing of public expenditures enhances the private production and households' consumption. One innovation of this paper is in the way to introduce shocks into economy. In fragile States, shocks are random variables that follow a Bernoulli process, which appear on public spending and affect the rest of economy.

Keywords: Fragile States, public spending, economic growth, shocks, Bernoulli process

This research aims to examine rice production costs and returns as well as to focus on reducing inputs used by farmers who plant healthy rice and other rice. By studying the optimal use of agricultural inputs, excessive inputs are used to create a model of expected cost and return in terms of the budgeting analysis. The samples of farmer were selected by purposive sampling from 900 farmers. The research result showed that, the average net return of rice farmers was lower than that of healthy rice farmers at all levels of efficiency. The highest average return was obtained from rice farmers with high efficiency at 4,296.92 Baht per Rai. When the excess factor is adjusted in accordance with the performance analysis, the net return is higher. The most effective rice growers were farmers at the level of 7,170.76 Baht / Rai. The number of laborers was statistically.

Keywords: Production, Healthy Rice, Organic Agriculture, Cost and Benefit, Input slack

This paper aims to introduce Professor Shi Zhengyi’s theory that the minority regions in western China should develop faster to reduce the regional development disparities within China. Significant accomplishments have been achieved in the economic and social development of China’s ethnic minority regions since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. However, there is still a significant gap between the minority regions in western China and the developed regions regarding socio-economic growth. Professor Shi Zheng yi sug gested that the “accelerating development” policy needs to be upgraded as an “accelerating strategy” in western minority regions based on a thorough analysis of the actual socio-economic development situation in ethnic minority regions. He suggested elevating the “accelerating approach” to the status of “accelerating policy” in the western minority regions.

Keywords: accelerating strategy; development; minority regions; western China

Basically, tax evasion is a gamble taken by private agents and limited “public-sector”. It is rather difficult to get accurate information about the extent of underground economy activities in the goods and labour market, because all individuals engaged in those activities wish not to be identified. Undoubtedly, engaging in the research can be considered as a scientific passion for knowing the unknown. To explore the relationship among economic growth, tax rate, debt, consumer price index and tax revenue. This study differs from the traditional methodology. We adopt SUR-OLS method and Threshold approach for estimating the response of economic growth on total tax revenue,direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Taiwan from 1991-2020. This paper further discusses the response of total tax, direct tax and indirect tax to the fluctuation of tax rate. We show that as the tax rate is between 12.59% and 13%, the increase of income leads to the decrease instead of the increase for direct tax revenue, resulting in serious tax base erosion. That is, the relationship between GDP and TTR presents a Nshaped relationship. However, indirect tax does not exist any tax rate threshold effect, On the other hand, with the increase of GDP, indirect tax revenue also increases.

Keywords: Threshold model, underground economy, inflection point, tax base erosion ratio
JEL Classification: D43, D69, E41, H26, L13