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The experiment was conducted at the instructional farm of the College of Agriculture, Rewa (M.P.). The crosses were made in a diallel manner using 10 parents in on-way, excluding reciprocal, during Kharif 2018. During Kharif 2019, 45 F1’s and their parents were evaluated to study the “genetic parameters of variation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The cross-combination IR64 X NPT14-10 was found to be best for yield and most of the yield-attributing traits. Moderate estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recoded for grain yield per plant (15.83 and 14.15), number of effective tillers per plant, number of tillers per plant, weight of panicle, and test weight. High heritability was recorded for days to maturity (92.27), followed by test weight (89.93), plant height (83.96), grain yield per plant (79.92), days to 50% flowering (79.38), weight of panicle (77.76), number of grains per panicle (77.63), and biological yield per plant (74.44). The high genetic advance was recorded for grain yield per plant (26.06), followed by test weight (20.49). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for test weight, followed by grain yield, indicating that these traits were governed by additive gene action. Heritability estimates indicated that these traits were heritable and less influenced by the environment. Hence, these traits were more suitable for direct selection for higher seed yield in rice.

Keywords: GCV, PCV, Heritability, Genetic advance, Additive gene action

Diversification in agriculture in India is generally viewed as a shift from traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. Karnataka is endowed with varied agro-ecological and agro-climatic comprising of 30 districts. The study period was classified as Pre WTO (World Trade Organization) regiem from 1985-1995 and Post WTO regiem from 1995-2005 to analyze the impact of WTO on Diversification in agriculture. To analyze the extent of diversification in agriculture across different districts of Karnataka various statistical indices such as Simpson index, Herfindal index, Entropy index, Ogive index and Index of maximum proportion were calculated for all the districts for both periods. The result indicated that Bijapur, Bidar, Bellary, Belgaum, Chikkamangaluru, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gulbaraga, Kolar, Mandya, and Mysore districts showed complete diversification, while Dakshin Kannada and Uttar Kannada showed Crop Specialization, Hasan and Tumkur revealed moderate diversification for both periods. The extent of diversification was more in the first period, compared to second period. Further results obtained indicated no considerable impact of WTO on Diversification in agriculture. To analyze the factors influencing the diversification in agriculture, eighteen related variables were considered. Multiple linear regression analysis result showed factors influencing the diversification were rainfall, area sown, area irrigated, rural banks and literacy rate were found significant for both the periods.

Keywords: Diversification, cropping pattern, Hirschman’s index, Entropy, sustainable farming, ogive index.

To analyze the factors influencing the diversification in agriculture, eighteen related variables were considered. Multiple linear regression analysis result showed factors influencing the diversification were rainfall, area sown, area irrigated, rural banks and literacy rate were found significant for both the periods Cluster analysis was carried out based on area, production, productivity of selected crops. For first period cropped area of sorghum, cotton, paddy, groundnut, and ragi showed similarity in area. For second period paddy, maize, mango, ragi and groundnut had similarity in area. Sugarcane and sorghum had similarity in production for first period and sugarcane alone for second period. Based on productivity major cluster formed by horticulture crops.

Indian agriculture is a subsistence occupation since long period of time now in 21 centuries getting commercialized as way of life styles. Indian farmers have come to produce for the market rather than for documents conception. The commercial revolution hub, there for started sweepingness in the agriculture sector of the economy. Since serves as an instrument for measuring the speed at which an economics system works the price prevailing in market is called the market price, which changes with the nature of commodity many times writhen a day for meek or month. Price of farm produces decrease sharply with increase in arrivals (supply) first after harvesting of the produce and in cases in arrival during slack period. It is a well decrease in known fact that India as is characterized by wide variations in output of major crops which subsequently toed to wider fluctuations in market arrivals. The extent of fluctuations in market arrivals largely contributes to the price variability of major crops in order to device the appropriate to the price variability of major crops. In present study an attempt has been made to study the arrivals and price behaviour for the arrivals and price behaviour for the period from 2007-08 to 2017-18 in the Karahiya Krishi upaj mandi karahiya of Rewa in Madhya Pradesh. The paddy and wheat crops will be selected for the intent study. As these crops has remarkable position in the said Krishi Upaj Mandi. Arrival of wheat is around fourfold of paddy arrival. In year 2017, wheat arrival found more as compare to other years. From 2007 to 2017 tremendous increment can see in wheat arrival. Relative change found 10.34 in wheat arrival. Paddy arrival was much higher as compare to wheat. Arrival of wheat is found higher in month of June.   In June month, wheat arrival found more as compare to other months. Model price of wheat higher found in January on wheat arrival. Arrival and prices in cereals crop in Rewa krishi upaj mandi. Highest and positive correlation found in lentil arrival and price during the study under consideration. Wheat arrival and price also shows positive correlation.

Keywords: Arrivals, Prices, Cereal, market, KUM, time series data, Relative change.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-18 at the Instructional cum Research Fruit Orchard, Department of fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) on eleven year- old guava tree cv. Chittidar and Allahabad Safeda. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replication and number of treatment was 18 and each replicated 8 times where each treatment consists one plant. The results were found maximum in parameters like fruit volume (218.22ml) pulp thickness (12.32mm) pulp weight (221.60g) average fruit weight (225.87g) under V2N8 (Allahabad Safeda with boron@0.4%) and the minimum values were found in V1N0.respectivily. Similarly maximum seed weight (4.28g), number of seed per fruit (333.10) under V2N0 (Allahabad Safeda with boron@0.4%).

Keywords: Cultivation, Fruit,Foliar Application,Seed Weight.

Studies on management of Alternaria blight of Ashwagandha through organic manure and biofertilizer were conducted under field condition during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21. Among seven amendments of biofertilizes for the management of disease under field condition revealed that minimum PDI i.e 5.7 and 6.7 was observed in FYM and RDF + FYM. Similarly all the treatments significantly increased the yield as compared to control. Maximum increase in yield was recorded in FYM followed by RDF + FYM.

Keywords: Ashwagandha, Alternaria alternata, management, organic manure, biofertilzer

The investigation was conducted on studies processing of red fleshed guava (Psidium guajava L.). To study the effect of processing on antioxidant composition of guava pulp at ambient and cold storage (70C). Processing and extraction of guava pulp by HTST heating at 800C for 20 min and LTLT heating at 480C for 1 hr heat processing treatment. The heat treatments enhanced the total phenolic content, flavonoid as well as total anthocyanin content. The effect of storage period on antioxidant composition of guava pulp reported result associated with anthocyanin content data revealed that there is decreasing trend was recorded in anthocyanin content during storage of guava pulp. HTST heating at 800C for 20 min had longer storage life of guava pulp than LTLT heating at 480C for 1 hr. The total phenolic content was also found to decrease from initial 135.76 mg GAE/g to 126.48 mg GAE/g after 60th days of storage of guava pulp at ambient temperature, while after 150th days of storage of guava pulp in cold storage decline in total phenolic content was observed from initial 135.76 mg GAE/g to 124.36 mg GAE/g. Also, the total flavonoid content was also found to decrease from initial 23.90 mg CE/g to 10.26 mg CE/g after 60th days of storage of guava pulp at ambient temperature, while after 150th days of storage of guava pulp in cold storage decline in total flavonoid content was also observed from initial 23.90 mg CE/g to 16.32 mg CE/g.
Decreasing trends in contents of antioxidant activity was recorded during storage of pulp at ambient temperature, while antioxidants activity of guava pulp was recorded during cold storage 70 C. Extraction of red fleshed guava pulp by HTST heating accelerate retention of antioxidant activities during storage.
Keywords: Guva, pulp, storage

Mushrooms are high in nutrients, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive components like phenolic compounds, terpenes, steroids and polysaccharides. The demand for cultivating mushrooms is growing day by day, as people become more aware of its palatability and high nutritional worth. But diseases cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The output and productivity of commercial mushroom farming can be severely harmed by disease outbreaks. Intensive cultivation of edible mushrooms is commonly afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral infections which frequently result in significant production losses. Beside these, a number of non-infectious physiological disorders are found to occur frequently that reduce the yield of the crop. Warm temperatures, high humidity, and a low aeration rate, which are typical circumstances for mushroom growth, encourage the spread of these illnesses. Due to a short term crops, chemicals management of mushroom diseases are not recommended owing to residual dangers. Mushroom cultivation is a young developing sector that is flourishing all over the world today. There is utmost necessary to pay greater attention to healthy mushroom production and proper disease management. In this article we described fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, several actinomycetes moulds and contaminants and non-infectious physiologic disorders that frequently occur in mushroom production farms. General and specific management practices of these diseases and disorders during mushroom production are also described.

Keywords: Mushroom, Diseases, Fungal, Bacterial, Abiotic, Biotic, Management

This paper investigates the interrelationships among various livelihood security variables in Bankura District, West Bengal, using Pearson correlation analysis. Utilizing data from nine key security dimensions across multiple enterprises, we conducted correlation analysis to shed light on their mutual dependencies and associations. Our findings reveal robust correlations, particularly between Economic Security and Habitat Security, Educational Security and Habitat Security, and Economic Security and Food Security. These correlations underscore the pivotal role of specific security dimensions in shaping livelihood sustainability within diverse sectors. Significance testing at both the 0.01 and 0.05 levels further validates the strength and statistical relevance of identified correlations, offering valuable insights for policy formulation and strategic decision-making. Moreover, the nuanced nature of these interdependencies, ranging from weak to strong correlations, emphasizes the complex dynamics of livelihood security within the region.

Keywords: Livelihood security, Pearson correlation analysis, Interrelationships, Policy formulation

It is well known that farmers vary their practices of crop cultivation across different micro farming situations. On a particular stretched field keeping the crop and varietal duration constant (boro rice), the farmers, on the basis of their indigenous knowledge and experience classified the land in 7 micro farming situations. Data on selection of varieties, time of sowing, seed rate, fertilizer type for seed bed and main bed, amount of fertilizer in seed bed and main bed, pesticides used, age of seedlings while transplanting, dates of transplanting, top dressing of fertilizer, weeding, weeding technology, irrigation, time of harvesting and yield of 162 plots, which were selected proportionately from the total 396 plots of the continuous crop field, were the variables on which statistical analysis was done to test the association of the variables with micro farming situation. The criteria of classifying micro farming situation may be established as universally logical. The scope of identifying geographically homogeneous farming situations and the recommendation domain is there in further. It was found that significant association exists between the micro farming situation and each of the variables. Weed diversity count and collection of information about cost of land was done as a validity test of the farmers’ classification and identification of micro farming situations. It is concluded that farmers’ classification is valid in the zone and if major micro farming situations can be identified from the area, recommendation domain can be selected and particular package of practices can be suggested.

Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge, Micro Farming Situation, PRA, Farmers’ Classification, Validation,

The purpose of this study was to determine management ability of potato growers regarding sprinkler irrigation system in the villages of Dantiwada and Deesa talukas located in middle part of Banaskantha district. It was evident that more than half of the potato growers had medium level of management ability of sprinkler irrigation system. In case of potato growers of sprinkler irrigation system, independent variables like education, land holding, area under potato with sprinkler irrigation system, annual income, irrigation potentiality, economic motivation, risk orientation and source of information were significantly related while, age and size of family were not found sifnificant.

The purpose of this study was to determine management ability of potato growers regarding sprinkler irrigation system in the villages of Dantiwada and Deesa talukas located in middle part of Banaskantha district. It was evident that more than half of the potato growers had medium level of management ability of sprinkler irrigation system. In case of potato growers of sprinkler irrigation system, independent variables like education, land holding, area under potato with sprinkler irrigation system, annual income, irrigation potentiality, economic motivation, risk orientation and source of information were significantly related while, age and size of family were not found significant

An experiment was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest management, New Delhi in October-November 2023 to estimate the comparative storage losses in split pulses caused by Sitophilus oryzae L. under room and controlled conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with seven treatments (T1= sorghum, T2 = red gram, T3= chick pea, T4 = black gram, T5 = green gram, T6= roasted gram and T7= lentil) each replicated three times. The assessed parameters were per cent weight loss, number of F1 progeny and per cent grain damage. Among the split pulses red gram dal was found to be the most suitable host of pulse feeding population with 58.25 and 43.00 F1 progeny production, 93.50 and 91.25 per cent grain damage and 28.14 and 37.15 per cent weight loss under room and controlled condition followed by green gram, chick pea, black gram, roasted gram and lentil. The assessed parameters were higher in sorghum feeding population on sorghum grains than at pulse feeding population on pulse grains.

Keywords: F1 progeny, Grain damage, Weight loss, Sitophilus oryzae L, Split pulses.

Different intercrops crops were studied keeping grain amaranth as main crop to harness the nutritional benefit of grain amaranth as well as better intercropping system to achieve higher productivity and profitability. Grain amaranth when grown as sole crop, the B:C ratio was higher (3.15) as compared to all other treatments involving sole crops or intercrops. Considering the market nature for grain amaranth, it may not be ideal to grow grain amaranth as a sole crop alone. Hence the main objective was to introduce and popularize grain amaranth cultivation through other crops as intercrop. Among the intercrop treatments, growing of grain amaranth + pigeon pea (2:1) recorded higher B:C ratio of 2.75 with LER of 1.17, which was followed by grain amaranth + finger millet (2:8) with B:C ratio of 2.60 with LER of 1.19 and grain amaranth + groundnut B:C ratio (2.44) with LER of 1.22.

Keywords: Finger millet, grain amaranth, groundnut, intercrop, pigeon pea.

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are emerging as a promising technology for wastewater treatment and green bioelectricity generation. Recent advancements in MFC technology have led to significant improvements in their structural architecture, integration with novel biocatalysts, and optimization of electrode materials. Despite encountering challenges such as high costs, limited treatment efficiency, and maintenance requirements, MFCs are increasingly recognized as effective solutions for integrating bioenergy production with wastewater treatment processes.The ecological advantages of MFCs, coupled with the utilization of cellulosic materials to enhance power output, highlight their growing potential for sustainable power generation. Moreover, advancements in power densities, contaminant removal capabilities, and CO2-free electricity generation underscore the increasing feasibility of MFCs for diverse applications.Despite facing limitations, including the cost and efficiency of treatment, electrode performance, power density, and high maintenance expenditure, MFCs are widely acknowledged as a promising solution for integrating bioenergy production and wastewater treatment. The use of MFC technologies offers ecologically favorable techniques for wastewater treatment and energy production. Furthermore, enhancements in power densities, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, pollutant degradation, and the growing demand for electricity generation without CO2 emissions indicate that MFCs are increasingly practical for power production. Therefore, it can be concluded that MFCs may be commercialized in large-scale industries by enhancing power density and overall efficacy while reducing resource budgets. The ongoing advancements in MFC technology hold promise for overcoming existing challenges and expanding their applications in sustainable energy production and wastewater management. This represents a significant step towards achieving a more environmentally friendly and efficient approach to addressing the dual challenges of wastewater treatment and energy generation.

Keywords: Microorganism, Bio-energy, Microbial fuel cell (MFC), Sewage, Contamination

The experiment on weed control in rice bean was conducted at Hebbal, Bengaluru for three years 2012, 2013 and 2014 using pre and post-emergent herbicides along with manual weeding. Results revealed that the weed free control treatment recorded the lower weed count (11.11/m2 ), weed dry matter (10.6 g/m2 ) with higher weed control efficiency (95.3%) and seed yield (1.42 t/ha). The higher B:C ratio of 2.62 was recorded with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) followed by pre-emergence application of oxyflurofen 50 g/ha + one hand weeding at 5 WAS (2.61).

Agriculture significantly impacts the Indian economy, with 50% of the population depending on it and contributing 20.20 % to the GDP in 2020-21. Pulses, essential to Indian agriculture, provide high-quality protein, essential amino acids, fibers, minerals, and vitamins. This study examines the trend patterns of pulse production in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and India from 1950 to 2022. Data were collected from www.indiastat.com and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, was used to determine the trend in production various parametric model such as linear, exponential, logarithmic, quadratic, cubic, and compound model. Results show a substantial increase in pulse production due to enhanced agronomic practices, improved pulse varieties, and government support programs. However, production trends indicated that Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan have seen increases, while in Uttar Pradesh experienced fluctuations due to shifts in crop choices.

Keywords: trend, descriptive statistics.

Marigold (Tagetes spp) occupies special importance due to its hardiness, wider adaptability to wide range of agro-climatic conditions and easy cultivation. The field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of the year 2020-21 at College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra state). The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design comprising five replications and four treatments of pinching. The flat beds of 2.7 m X 1.8 m size were prepared and the seedlings of marigold (cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda) were transplanted at the spacing of 45 X 45 cm. The four levels of pinching (Control-No pinching, Pinching after 3 weeks of transplanting, Pinching after 5 weeks of transplanting and Double pinching -Pinching after 3 and 5 weeks of transplanting) were given to each plot at prescribed time. The lowest plant height (82.75 cm) and highest number of secondary branches (40.50 per plant) was recorded in T4 treatment (Double pinching –Pinching after 3 and 5 weeks of transplanting). The highest stem diameter (15.63 mm) was T2 (Pinching after 3 weeks of transplanting) treatment. The highest flower yield (191.5 g/plant) was recorded in Double pinching treatment (T4). The lowest yield (160.4 g/plant) was recorded in T1 i.e. control. Among the pinching treatments, the largest flower diameter (5.21 cm), highest fresh weight of flower (5.90 g) and dry weight of the flower (1.69 g) was recorded in T3 i.e. pinching after 5 weeks of transplanting. The significantly highest case life of flowers (7.63 days) was observed in T4 treatment (Double pinching).

Keywords: Marigold, pinching, growth, yield, flower diameter

The experiment was carried out in Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during the rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 to study the residual effect of boron application on growth and growth indices of mustard crop. The experiment had 15 treatments which were replicated thrice. T1: N60 K40 B1, T2: N60 K40 B2, T3: N60 K60 B1, T4: N60 K60 B2, T5: N120 K40 B1, T6: N120 K40 B2, T7: N120 K60 B1, T8: N120 K60 B2, T9: N180 K40 B1, T10: N180 K40 B2, T11: N180 K60 B1, T12: N180 K60 B2, T13: Recommended dose of NPK (120:60:40), T14: Recommended dose of NPK + Farmyard manure @ 10 t ha-1 and T15: Absolute control in a randomized complete block design. Significantly higher plant height was recorded under treatment where higher dose of nitrogen (180 kg ha-1) along with higher application of potassium (60 kg ha-1) and boron (2 kg ha-1) was done during both years of experimentation. Similarly, the highest absolute growth rate, crop growth rate and relative growth rate was recorded under N180 K60 B2 treatment during both years of study. Boron application in the preceding season can influence the succeeding crop and therefore application of lower dose of boron in addition to residual boron cand recommended dose of fertilizer can substantially improve the growth of mustard crop.

Keywords: absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, mustard, residual boron.