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Shoot regeneration was established on hypocotyl explants from 7-10 day old in vitro seedlings of Carum copticum. Shoot regeneration frequency was 96.6% on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium containing 6.66 ?M N6-Benzyladenine (BA) and induced a maximum number of 11.8 shoots per hypocotyl explant with an average shoot length of 6.67 cm. Root induction frequency reached to 96.6 % on all the basal media comprising MS or Schenk & Hildebrandt (SH) or Nitsch & Nitsch (NN) supplemented with either 1.34 ?M Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1.44 ?M Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Root induction was optimized (7.4 roots per shoot) on NN or SH medium supplemented either with 1.44 ?M IAA or 1.34 ?M NAA with a root length of 4.21cm. Regenerated shoots produced healthy roots in the soil with 100% acclimatization frequency. This regeneration method offers scope for enhancement of secondary metabolites for bioactive compounds of essential oil in C.copticum.

Keywords: Hypocotyls, Plant growth regulators, Root induction, Shoot regeneration

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), which is considered a pseudo-cereal or pseudo-grain, it is highly nutritious due to its outstanding protein quality and wide range of minerals and vitamins. It has been recognized as a complete food due to its protein quality. It has remarkable nutritional properties; not only from its protein content (15%) but also from its great amino acid balance. The Quinoa grain protein is rich in amino acids like lysine and methionine that are deficient in cereal proteins. The grain is used to make flour, soup, breakfast, cereal and alcohol, while the flour is utilized in making biscuits, bread and processed food. Quinoa starch having small grains and high viscosity can be exploited for various industrial applications. It is also been found to contain compounds like phytosterols, and Flavonoids with possible nutraceutical benefits. Quinoa starch has some functional (technological) properties like solubility, good water-holding capacity (WHC), gelation, emulsifying, and foaming that allow diversified uses. Besides, it has been considered an oil crop, with an interesting proportion of omega-6 and notable vitamin E content. Quinoa starch has physicochemical properties (such as viscosity, freeze stability) which give it functional properties with novel uses. Quinoa has a high nutritional value and has recently been used as a novel functional food Because of all these properties. Quinoa’s ability to produce high-protein grains under ecologically extreme conditions makes it important for the diversification of future agricultural systems, especially in high-altitude area of the Himalayas and North Indian Plains. The healthy lifestyle and appropriate nutrition are stressed nowadays. New foodstuffs are still investigated with the aim to improve the diet and conduce to a better health state of the population. Pseudo cereals (amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa) are convenient for this purpose. Their high nutritious and dietary quality meets the demands of the food industry and consumers.

Keywords: quinoa; essential amino acids; nutrition quality

Phytoremediation is increasingly being recognised as a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly method of heavy metal extraction. In the present study, we examined the effect of biodegradable chelants (5 mM each) such as ethylenediamine-N,N?-disuccinic acid (EDDS), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), tartaric acid (TA) and citric acid (CA) on growth performance, photosynthetic physiology, and metal accumulation potential of Solanum nigrum. Significant variations were observed for most of the studied parameters in response to different chelants (ANOVA). Cd toxicity exhibited decline in plant growth performance and photosynthetic physiology, whereas chelant addition alleviated the toxic effect and enhanced its accumulation in S. nigrum. Bio-concentration factor increased with supplementation of chelants such as EDDS> NTA>TA>CA at Cd10 and NTA> EDDS>CA>TA at Cd45. Translocation factor was highest in plants supplemented with EDDS, followed by NTA at low Cd concentration, whereas NTA and CA performed better at higher Cd concentration. The study concludes that EDDS and NTA enhanced the potential of hyperaccumulator plant like S. nigrum and can be employed for reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soil in natural conditions.
 

Keywords: Biodegradable chelants, Heavy metal, Hyperaccumulator, Phytoremediation, Reclamation, Cadmium, Solanum nigrum

The study was conducted on freshly extracted sugarcane juice and value-added products, which were prepared using amla, raw mango, carrot and ginger. The blends formulated were sugarcane juice: amla cubes, sugarcane juice: mango pieces, sugarcane juice: carrot cubes and sugarcane juice: ginger diced. Physiochemical and phytochemical studies were carried out on the fresh juice and stored value-added products. Stored Amla candy prepared from sugarcane juice had 1818 mg/100ml of ascorbic acid. In the same way mango candy, ginger juice and carrot condiment had 436.32, 509.04 and 545.4 mg/100ml of ascorbic acid. Further, the reducing power assay of formulations were estimated and the results showed highest for candied amla followed by carrot condiment, ginger juice and candied mango. Organoleptic quality of the products didn’t show any notable change.
Keywords: Ascorbic acid content, Candied amla, Candied mango, Carrot condiment, Ginger juice, Reducing power assay, Sugarcane juice, Titratable acidity and TSS.

The growth of teak seedlings was studied in different biodegradable containers at College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India in 2020. Teak seedlings were grown in some biodegradeable containers such as nonwoven bag, bamboo split pot coco pot, CNSL treated cardboard pot, mud pot and coir root trainer in nursery. Each container had capacity of 12cm x 15cm filled with soil mixture of soil: coir pith: vermicompost @ 2:1:1 by volume. The teak seedlings were evaluated monthly for five months. It was observed that considerable variability existed in seedling growth characters such as height, collar diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total dry weight. Among all container types studied Nonwoven bag grown seedlings showed better growth performance followed by seedlings grown in bamboo split containers, while mud pot raised seedlings showed the lowest performance during all the stages of seedling growth. At 5-month age, the seedling height varied from 17.4 to 31.5cm and the total dry weight of seedling varied from 2.73 to 5.63g under different containers.

Keywords: Biodegradable container, seedling, teak

Globally, there is approximately 90 million tonnes of red mud being produced every year. More than 4 million tonnes of red mud are generated annually in India only. The amount of red mud generated in refinery unit of NALCO, Damanjodi is 25 lakhs ton per annum. The amount of red mud generated per ton of alumina processed, varies greatly with the type of bauxite ore used in the refinery. During the process of extraction of alumina from bauxite ore, the insoluble residue generated after digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as red mud or Bauxite residue. It is generated by the Bayer’s process which is highly alkaline with pH usually ranging from 10-13. Due to its hazardous corrosive nature, it is posing a very serious and alarming environmental pollution problem in adjoining region, which needs its ecological rehabilitation.
It is observed that, the red mud of refinery unit of NALCO, Damanjodi is highly toxic and carrying pH 11.45. During reclamation of red mud, for developing vegetation, two leguminous species i.e. Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium and two non leguminous species such as Eucalyptus tereticornis and Terminalia chebulaare taken where,Acacia auriculiformis showed better results in its survival percent, plant height, collar diameter, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b, fresh weight, dry weight followed by Terminalia chebula. Both the species are very hardy and adjusted to drier types overcome to alkaline conditions. Further, T3 level (25% RM + 75% Soil mixture) with constant Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium is significantly better performing than other treatments.

Keywords: Environmental pollution, red mud, reclamation, vegetation

A variety of traditional farmers’ varieties (FVs) of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] are cultivated on small scale in low input production systems under rainfed conditions by the local farmers of Himachal Pradesh lying in the northwestern Himalayan region. Morphological characterization of blackgram germplasm consisting of 20 FVs collected from interior and remote areas of different districts of H.P. and two released varieties, HIM MASH 1 and UG 218, was carried out using morphological pod and seed descriptors. The qualitative characters evaluated were intensity of green colour of premature pods, colour of mature pods, pod pubescence, seed colour, seed lusture and seed shape. Quantitative characterization of blackgram germplasm was done for pod length, number of seeds pod-1, seed length, seed width and 100 seed weight. The analysis of variance for quantitative characters revealed a significant variation among the germplasm investigated. Correlation matrix for various quantitative characteristics showed significant positive correlation between some variables. The first two principal components together explained 85.43% of the total variability for the investigated quantitative variables in blackgram germplasm. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering led to the separation of germplasm into four clusters. The variability in the germplasm could serve as potential valuable genetic resources for the breeding programs in crop improvement.

Keywords: Clusters, farmers’ varieties, morphological characterzation, pod descriptors, principal component analysis, seed descriptors

Low Pressure Drip Irrigation System may be used for application of infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica in protected cultivation. The hydrodynamic forces exerted during flow through laterals and emitters may affect survival and infectivity of nematodes. Three heads (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) and two types of pipes having diameters of 16 mm and 20 mm were evaluated. The IJs were injected at the point where the drip line left the main line. A 100 ml dilution of one lakh H. Indica IJs was injected at the point where the drip line left the filter. Drip water was collected under opening of each of the six laterals for 30 min. and nematodes were allowed to settle to the bottom of each plastic container and were used for further studies on survival and infectivity. Viability of IJs was evaluated under the microscope after the IJ passed through the drip irrigation systems. Infectivity on G. mellonella larvae as evidenced by larval mortality were evaluated under lab conditions in vitro. Results showed that survival and infectivity of infective juveniles of H. indica is not affected with an increase in head up to 2 m compared to control. Use of pipe having diameter 20 mm showed infectivity at par to pipe having diameter 16 mm. Therefore, for IJs of H. indica, the use of both types of pipe, having diameter 16 and 20 mm, and head upto 2m is perfectly tolerable and does not affect the viability.

Keywords: EPN, Migration, Drip irrigation, Heterorhabditis, Pressure.

Heterorhabditis indica have the potential for biological control of crop pests. Compatibility studies need to be conducted to analyze which chemical pesticides are compatible with this bioagent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the compatibility between Heterorhabditis indica and the chemical pesticides (9 insecticides, 4 fungicides and 3 herbicides) that are most commonly used on the various crops. The infective juveniles (IJs) of H. indica were exposed to the recommended rates of pesticides applied in 24-well plates at room temperature up to 72 h and then viability and infectivity of IJs determined. Survival and virulence evaluation of IJs exposed to the highest recommended doses of the pesticides against 4th instar larvae of Galleria mellonella confirmed the retention of virulence, except in the IJs treated with chlorpyriphos. The results obtained from this study revealed that it may be possible to use H. indica with most pesticidal formulations tested here (except chlorpyriphos) as tank-mix for application in the field.

Keywords: Compatibility, Heterorhabditis indica, pesticides, tank-mixing.

Instant rice is well-suited for ready-to-use applications as low-moisture, light- weight military ration and emergency food for our Armed Forces, offering longer shelf life with rapid rehydration characteristics. This study demonstrated the effect of rice cultivars differing in physico- chemical properties and different freezing pretreatments on the quality of instant rice. Raw rice was cooked and spread on trays, kept in blast freezer at -20, -50 and -80°C followed by immediate drying (fluidized bed drier, 70°C, 5% m.c.) to prepare instant rice. Freezing temperature and rate, inversely related to shrinkage in instant rice, influenced the internal porous structure, and found to have a direct impact on density, texture and rehydration characteristics. Slow freezing at -20°C retained better quality attributes of instant rice. Raw long grain (PB1509, PB1121 and PS17) and parboiled PB1509 rice showed more (5-6 min), while medium and short grains (Sona Masuri, Jeerakasala) showed lesser (3-4.5 min) rehydration time by mere addition of hot water. Short- grained aromatic cultivar Jeerakasala exhibited comparable water absorption, kernel elongation and palatability with basmati rice, however, had least rehydration time (3 min) and, thus, emerged as best choice for various instant rice preparations such as instant pulav, biryani, kheer, etc.

Keywords: Freezing, Instant rice, Porosity, Rehydration, Water absorption.

The present investigation was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21and 2021-22 at Instructional cum Research Farm, DKS College of Agriculture and Research Station, Bhatapara, (CG) with the objectives to find out the effect of nitrogen levels on growth, yield and economics of wheat under conventional and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) method of cultivation; The experimental soil was clayey in texture, slightly alkaline (pH 7.7) in reaction, medium in organic C (0.59 %) and the NPK content was found 118.2, 20 and 384 kg ha-1which was at low, medium and high amount respectively. The climatic condition of this region is sub-humid to semi-arid and the maximum rainfall received during the entire season of experimental crop was at the month of February (35.6 mm) with the temperature and RH ranged between 28.7-35.7 ºC and 70-85 % respectively. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with three replications and twelve treatment combinations. The system of cultivation; conventional method (CM) and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) assigned as main plot and nitrogen doses N80, N120 and N150 kg ha-1assigned as sub plot and split doses of nitrogen into 2 split S2 (50% Basal and 50% 21 DAS) and S4 4 split (20% Basal, 20% 20-25 DAS, 30% 40-45 DAS and 30% 60-65 DAS) assigned as sub-sub plot. Wheat cv GW-366 was sown on 3rd week of November and harvested on 2nd week of March during both the years. Results revealed that wheat cultivated with SWI recorded highest grain yield (3230 kg ha-1), straw yield (4274 kg ha-1), HI (42.9%), net return (39718 Rs ha-1) with 1.76 BC ratio. Application of higher amount of N fertilizer (N150) gave maximum grain yield (3162 kg ha-1) straw yield (4161) and highest HI (43.1 %) and BC ratio. The maximum grain yield (3174), straw yield (4237) and BC ratio with highest net return was found when N150 was applied into S4 split doses. The grain and straw yield were highest from SWI, N3 and S2 were mainly due to more tillers plant-1, length of ear head (cm), no. of grains ear-1, no. of ear head m-2 and test weight.

Keywords: Economics, Nitrogen splitting, System of Wheat Cultivation

Livestock rearing is an important pursuit in Jammu & Kashmir and it plays an important role in the economy of livestock farmers. The People of Himalayan region have developed their own ways for keeping their livestock healthy and productive. Documentation of indigenous technical knowledge and ethno veterinary medicine in hilly areas of Kashmir has till date not been done appropriately. Thus, there is an apprehension of losing this precious knowledge. A survey was conducted in the different areas of Kulgam Kashmir regarding the indigenous Technical Knowledge and ethno veterinary practices used in Veterinary Medicine. The information was collected from farmers, shepherds, animal owners and village elderly through local languages and the information and knowledge collected was documented.

Keywords: Ethno veterinary Practices, Himalayan region, Indigenous Technical Knowledge, Livestock

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif 2019 and 2020 at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur to study the yields and economics of finger millet and soil health under organic and natural farming production systems. The experiment was laid out under randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The soil was acidic in reaction and silty clay loam in texture. During the first year of studies on finger millet as sole crop, significantly higher seed yield (16.22 q/ha), straw yield (48.03 q/ha), gross returns (Rs.41206) and net returns (Rs.17618) were recorded under natural production system. During the second year of studies when finger millet was intercropped with soybean, the organic production system resulted in the higher seed yield (33.09 q/ha), gross returns (Rs.82891) and net returns (Rs.39191). The application of Jeevamrit at 14 days interval was found to be the better treatment in respect of finger millet equivalent yield (26.71 q/ha), gross returns (Rs.73513), net returns (Rs.39125) and benefit cost ratio of 1.14, being at par with the organic production system. The natural production system recorded higher available N, P, K, organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon whereas general bacterial count, phosphate solubilizing bacterial count, actinomycetes count, fungal count and nitrogen fixing bacterial count were higher in the organic production system.

Keywords: Economics; natural; organic; soil health and yields

From education to working conditions, from income to discrimination, social determinants of health (SDH) shape the majority of health outcomes. Governments are often best positioned to address the major SDH on a population-wide basis. By 2030, governments around the world will be committed for improving all core SDH when all countries have agreed to improve education, work, income, and equal opportunity, among other areas, in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using data from the WORLD Policy Analysis Center, this article highlights how quantitative policy measures can be used to hold governments accountable for their commitments to the SDGs and thus to improve the SDH. Three areas are examined in detail to illustrate this approach to monitoring policy change: ensuring an adequate income, enhancing equal opportunities at work, enabling children and youth to complete their education.

Keywords: Policy, Social Determinants of Health (SDH), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The present investigation was carried out to studies the genetic variation, heritability and genetic advance for important yield attributing traits involving 24 selected taro (including check) germplasms of colocasia in a complete randomized block design with three replication during summer season of 2018 and 2019. The estimation of genetic variation observed that there was significant genetic variation in the experiment. Among all the genotypes evaluated, genotype IGCOL-GB-17-1 was recorded highest cormels and corms yield ha-1 followed by IGCOL-LHDD-18-1 suitable to further crop improvement programme. Among the attributes studied, high PCV and GCV were observed for characters like number of suckers plant -1 (46.80 and 46.23 respectively), Leaf Area Index (43.90 and 42.70 respectively) and corm yield plant-1 (43.04 and 42.66 respectively) indicating high variability available in the genotypes for these characters for further improvement. A high heritability (>60 %) coupled with high genetic advance was observed for LAI, number of suckers plant -1 and corm yield plant-1 which suggested that there may be presence of additive gene action and selection will be beneficial for improving of such characters.

Global climate change is very serious concerns to every living organism on the planet earth. It is estimate that there is drastic change in biosphere due to changing climatic conditions and subsequent to alteration in plant microbe interactions and agricultural practices for sustainable development. Some of the microflora residing in association with plants generally promote plant growth along with showing disease resistance against stress. Moreover, climate change also directly influences the crop production and the structural dynamics of the relationships among diseases and crops. There are variety of physiological functions of plants that is supported by microbes likes biogeochemical cycles, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production etc. can be affected due to climate change

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop belonging to the grass family Poaceae. Experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 to know the impact of six integrated disease management treatments. Among six treatments, T5: Seed treatment with carbendazim (2 g/kg) + one blanket application of combination fungicide (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50%) @ 0.4 g/l at booting stage and T2: Seed treatment with bio-control agent + one application of bio-control agent at 15-20 DAT (10 g/l) with least pooled leaf blast disease index of 19.28% and 21.40% respectively and neck blast disease incidence of 19.28% and 21.40% respectively. Further, the highest pooled yield was recorded in T5 (3901.85 kg/ha) and T2 (3502.78 kg/ha) followed by T4 (3416.67 kg/ha) when compared to control (2483.33 kg/ha). The least pooled grain yield were observed in T1 (3367.59 kg/ ha) when compared to other treatments.

Keywords: Blast, Disease, Integrated, Management and Paddy

The present paper focused diversity of molluscs and physico. Chemical characteristics of water in river Daha (Siwan). Among the collected 25 species 5 order and 10 families. Quantitative differences have been observed in molluscs (gastropods and bivalve) during different seasons. Summer and winter favored the mollusccs fauna while monsoon witnessed less and the least molluscs in the water body. The various parameters, pH, tubidity, total solids, DO, BOD, COD, chloride, sulphate, etc. were studied. The water was slightly alkaline. Significant seasonal variations were observed throughout the study period. The overall level of various parameters suggests that the river not much polluted.

Keyword: Molluscs, physico – chemical, River Daha, Gastropods, Bivalve

Land use and land cover classification of LISS III image of East Champaran district of Bihar of October 2011 for different classes such as agricultural land, fallow land, dense buil-up, low built-up, wet land and barren land using maximum likelihood supervised classification technique. The district is located between 260 15’ to 270 01’ N latitudes and 84o 28’ E to 85o 18’ E longitudes. The total area of the district is 4155 sq. km. Satellite imagery has been downloaded from different web sites and clipped to study area. The clipped image of the district has been georeferenced and used for classification for identified land use and land cover classes. It is observed that the agricultural land area is 2754.82 Sq Km, fallow land area is 672.34 Sq Km, barren land area is 86.58 Sq Km, wet land area is 146.48 Sq Km, dense built-up area is 25.36 Sq Km and low built-up area is 282.18 Sq Km, , and. The producer, user, overall accuracies and Kappa coefficient have been calculated from confusion/ error matrix. It shows that the overall accuracy is 91.62% and Kappa accuracy is 90.45%.

Keywords: Image, classification, class and accuracy

A large number of insect pests have been reported to be associated with stored grains. Almost all species have remarkably high rates of multiplication and, may destroy 10-15 per cent of the grain and contaminate the rest with undesirable odours and flavours. The major pests of stored grains include beetles (Callosobruchus sp, Trogoderma granarium, and Tribolium confusum), weevils (Sitophilus oryzae, S. granarius etc.), moth (Corcyra cephalonica) and rodents. Botanical extracts kill and repel pests, affect insect growth and development, have antifeedant and arrestant effects. Continuous and indiscriminate use of pesticides has not only led to the development of resistant strains but also accumulation of toxic residues on food grains used for human consumption. Recently, in different areas of the world, attention has been given towards exploitation of plant products as new approach in grain protection. Various scientific literatures already documented on bioactivity of plant derivatives to different storage pests. Higher plants like neem have also been used as antimicrobials against storage pests because of their relatively safe status and wide acceptance by the consumers. Various herbs and spices (e.g. turmeric, garlic, cloves etc.) have been used by peoples for management of storage pest. Plant products could offer a solution for the problems of availability, health risks, costs and resistance in the case of synthetic pesticides. There is need of more research regarding the biocontrol efficacy, practical applicability of the botanical pesticides. Biosafety studies should be conducted to ascertain their toxicity to humans, animals and crop plants.

Keywords: Botanicals, storage pests, protection

In present paper study of Ichthyofauna 32 species of fish belonging to 7 order, 15 families, 19 Genera and malacofauna 25 species, 5 order, 10 families of River Daha Siwan (North Bihar). In the age of global decline of biodiversity , it is necessary to study the present status of different fauna and hence this attempt were made.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Ichthyofauna, malacofauna. River Daha, Global.

Strawberry (Fragaria spp.), belonging to family Rosaceae, is an important fruit crop in subtropical and temperate region. It is propagated thrugh runners and behaves perennial crop in temperate ecosystem. At ICAR-IARI, Regional Station, Shimla is maintaining large field gene bank of strawberry genotypes with diverse genotypic and phenotypic attributes. At present 105 accession are conserved and maintained at Horticultural Research farm, Dhanda, Shimla. The leading strawberry producing countries are United States, followed by China and Spain. In India, it is commercially cultivated in Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Nilgiris hills, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Nainital and Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand, Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra), Kashmir valley, Bangalore and Kalipong (West Bengal) are the main centers of strawberry cultivation in India. It is cultivated in plains as well as in hills up to an elevation of 3000 meters in humid or dry regions, widely grown under protected and open condition in temperate and subtropical countries with maximum temperature of 22o -25o C in the day and 7o -13o C at night.

Collar rot disease of groundnut caused by soil inhibiting fungus, Aspergillus niger Van Tiegham is a most prevalent and destructive nature of groundnut disease under stress conditions. Present investigation was carried out to minimize collar rot disease incidence through application of different bio-agents and fungicides to reduced crop yield losses. Trichoderma viridae and T. harzianum were most effective bio-control agents to inhibit the mycelia growth of A. niger under invitro conditions. Out of eight fungicides four fungicides viz., pyraclostrobin +epoxiconaxole, tebuconazole, carbendazim 12%+mancozeb 63% and azoxystrobin11.5% + mancozeb30 %, completely inhibit the mycelia growth of A. niger under invitro condition. Moreover, fungicides viz., trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (91.67%), thiram (82.19%) and azoxystrobin (68.09 %) also found effective to inhibited mycelia growth of A.niger. The experiment was conducted during Kharif -2018 to manage collar rot disease of groundnut due to A. niger. The present investigation revealed that minimum plant mortality (9.25%) was observed in seeds treated with azoxystrobin 23SC @ 1.5 ml/ kg followed by seeds treated  with T.harzianum @10 g /kg seeds. Similarly maximum disease control (69.13%) was recorded in seeds treated with azoxystrobin 23SC followed by seeds treated  with T.harzianum.   While highest plant mortality (29.97%) was recorded in control treatment. In case of pods/ plant, maximum (25.13) was recorded in seeds treated with azoxystrobin 23SC followed by seeds treated  with T.harzianum (24.27). Highest pod yield was recorded in seeds treated with azoxystrobin 23SC (1581 kg/ha.) at par with seeds treated  with T.harzianum with 1542 kg/ha. Lowest pod yield (925 kg/ha) was recorded in control treatment. Highest haulm yield was recorded in seeds treated  with T.harzianum which was at par with seeds treated with azoxystrobin 23SC. The present study indicated that groundnut seeds treatment with with azoxystrobin 23SC @ 1.5 ml/ kg seeds and seed treatment with T.harzianum @10 g /kg reduced the plant mortality due to collar rot disease and gave higher pod and haulm yield per hectare.

Keywords: Groundnut, collar rot, Aspergillus niger, bioagents, fungicides

Twenty-five genotypes of green gram (Vigna radiata) representing diversity in adaptability and variability in characters were assessedwith 3 replicationsin Randomized Block Design (RBD). Environment wise data on each character for all the genotypes had been subjected pooled analysis of variance and stability of genotype had been evaluatedby virtue of mean (x), regression coefficient (b) and deviation from the regression (S2d). The pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among genotypes for the agro-morphological characters. Varieties viz., ML 24-59,PUSA M-1972 had low mean,regression coefficient (bi) close to 1 and lowest deviations from regression (S2di) andgenotypes viz., JLPM 504-20, DGGV 80, IGKM 05-18-02 were suitable for better environment and genotypes, viz., IPM 02-03, MH 1703, ML 2482, Pusa-BM-5 and PUSA M-1971 were suitable for poor environment for days to 50% flowering.For days to maturity,varieties viz.,IPM 312-394-1, DGGV 80, VGG 17-04, MH 1421 were most stable performer andPusa-BM-5, MH 2-15, BGG 17-043 were suitable for better environment.Varieties viz., PUSA M-197, PM 16-23, IPM 02-03, IPM 312-394-1, PM 1618, IGKM 06-10-7 were most stable.PUSA M-1971,MGG 389 weresuitable for better environment and IPMD 14-10, VGG 17-04 were suitable for poor environment for plant height.For number of branches varieties viz., MGG 389, NDMK 17-07, IGKM 06-10-7, PM 1618,ML 24-59, ML 2482, DGGV 80 were most stable andIPM 312-394-1,JLPM 504-20 weresuitable for better environment andIPM 14-49-5,OBGG 103were suitable for poor environment.

Keywords: Green gram, stability, ANOVA, agro-morphological traits, environment

Nut trees are a promising food resource but this potential is not adequately utilized world-over. Although the walnut has been appreciated since ancient times, commercial walnut orchards only started to be planted at the end of the last century. Nutritional security is a prime importance now-a-days. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the oldest fruit grown in the world. Nuts are nutrient dense foods and have been a regular constituent of mankind’s diet since prehistoric times. In recent years there is a growing interest in nuts which provide health benefits and are alternative to medicine. It belongs to family Juglandaceae, have amazing health benefits. They are not only delicious but also a complete functional food because they not only provide nutritional but also medicinal health benefits. They are unique among nuts because they are loaded with omega -3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and various other bioactive compounds, antioxidants, fibre, vitamins, minerals, tocopherols and phytosterols. It provides food, medicine, shelter, timber, dye, tooth cleaning, lamp oil and many more benefits to mankind. Walnut oil is used for edible purposes, artist oil colours, varnishes and soap making. Walnut shell flour is used as ingredient in plastic pillars, battery cases, molding resin forms, industrial tile and as insecticide spreader. Walnut timber is used for furniture, carving and making butts of guns. Therefore, walnut is an amazing health benefit and multiple uses crop and to be planted scientifically after judicious selection of cultivar/variety. Moreover, walnut is not only an agricultural commodity, but its leaves, barks, stems, pericarps, fruits, flowers and ligneus membranes are all applied for different medicinal uses.

Keywords: Walnut, Juglans regia L., Health benefits, Omega- 3 fatty acids, Functional Food, Bioactive compounds, Antioxidants, Cultivars

Keywords: Mango (M. indica), Flavours, Compounds, Nutritional values, Benefits

Carbon (C) is one of the most important elements found on earth and is directly linked with ecosystem services. Organic C sequestration is a promising strategy to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere. However, the benefits of organic C sequestration can be counter balanced by the release of releasing CO2 from soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks, which are dominant C stocks in 54% of soils worldwide and amounts to about >2300 Gt in the top 2 meter. Often, this CO2 source is neglected because of the general belief that SIC is an inert C pool. However, SIC gets lost to the atmosphere progressively, because of anthropogenic acidification and other man made processes. Approximately 1.13 Gt C will be lost irrecoverably by 2050 due to fertilization-induced acidity. Acidification induced SIC losses results in loss of basic cations from the soil, causing Ca2+ and Mg2+ deficiencies, responsible for severe yield reduction. In Mollisols is both significant sources of CO2 from organic matter decomposition and a sink of carbon through pedogenic carbonate formation. Ecosystem services provided by soil, based on natural SIC, is specifically linked for achieve food security and sustainable agriculture; if its replacement cost is determined based on an average price of limestone, the estimate for upper two meters of soil was found between 2.16 to 8.97 trillion U.S. dollars