The study examines how tricycle transportation affects Kaduna Metropolis’s ability to generate income. The study distributes a structured questionnaire using cluster sample approaches. For the study, 370 respondents made up the sample size. With a substantial p-value of 0.000000, the logistics results demonstrate that the model iteration rapidly converged, indicating that the model is a strong match for forecasting the dependent variable. With an R-squared value of 0.756006, the independent factors account for around 75.6% of the variation in the dependent variable. According to the regression analysis, there is a 1.5 Naira rise in state revenue for every unit increase in tricycle registration, which is statistically significant at the 1% level. Additionally, with a p-value of 0.0013, a 1.1 Naira gain in revenue results from a 1-unit increase in the tax levied on tricycle operators as a result of moving to a different local government. Last but not least, a 0.9 Naira rise in revenue is the result of a 1 Naira increase in fines for tricycle violations. This is probably because the fines have a deterrent impact. In order to ensure that the tax burden does not impede the sector’s growth, the study advised local governments to investigate the possibility of implementing or modifying taxes in a fair and transparent manner.

Keywords: Transportation, Revenue Generation, Economic, Tricycle.

Many studies have analyzed only the effect of economic globalization on the development of global value chains (GVCs). In this research, we analyze the effect of globalization (economic, social, and political) on Sub Saharan Africa’s (SSA) participation in agricultural GVCs. The data used in this study come from WDI, UNCTAD, and KOF indices and cover the period from 1991 to 2018. The results obtained using the Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) estimation method show that overall globalization, economic globalization, and political globalization have a positive influence, while social globalization has a negative effect on participation in agricultural GVCs. In terms of economic policy implications, SSA countries should strengthen regional integration and facilitate openness by removing certain barriers to international trade.

Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa, global agricultural value chains, globalization, Panel Corrected Standard Error.
JEL classification codes: F60, F21, F29.

The paper analyses the correlation between structural transformation and economic growth in Ghana from 1990 to 2023, utilising annual World Development Indicators data. Applying the ARDL model with long-run estimators including FMOLS, DOLS, and VECM, it investigates how agriculture, industry, and services contribute to GDP growth. Results show that industrialisation, services expansion, and investment positively and significantly influence growth, while inflation and trade openness exhibit mixed short-run and long-run effects. Findings indicate that transformation is progressing but remains incomplete, driven largely by service sector expansion with limited industrial productivity spillovers. Grounded in the Lewis dual sector framework, the Kuznets structural shift hypothesis, and Romer’s endogenous growth theory, the study integrates sectoral dynamics, innovation, and human capital into a unified analytical model. Policy implications highlight the need for industrial diversification, agricultural modernisation, human capital development, macroeconomic stability, and institutional reforms to achieve sustainable, productivity-led, and inclusive long-term transformation.

Keywords: Structural transformation; Sectoral contribution; Industrialisation; Services sector; Agriculture.
Jel Classification Codes: O55; E60; Q16.

Cancer imposes a severe economic strain on Andhra Pradesh’s vulnerable populations, with approximately 80,000 new cases projected for 2025, predominantly cervical, breast, and oral cancers, and out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE) averaging ?85,595 per episode, triggering catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in over 59% of families, especially those below the poverty line (BPL) in rural and coastal areas. Government schemes like Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) offer up to ?5 lakh cashless coverage for oncology services, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, while Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) provides ?15 lakh one-time aid for advanced treatments. The state-specific Dr. NTR Vaidya Seva Scheme (NTR Aarogya Sri), enhanced in 2023 to cover up to ?25 lakh annually across 3,257 procedures with 155 new oncology services added in 2025, allocates significant funds for cancer care, processing over 1,200 oncology claims in FY2024-25 with a 25% year-on-year increase.

This evaluation assesses these schemes’ impact on reducing cancer treatment costs for low-income groups in Andhra Pradesh. Using a mixed-methods design, we examined 1,000 PMJAY claims (2020–2025) from the National Health Authority, supplemented by NTR Aarogya Sri records, and conducted surveys with 300 patients and 50 providers across high-burden districts: Visakhapatnam, Guntur, Vijayawada, Nellore, Anantapur, and Chittoor. Key indicators were OOPE savings, CHE rates (at 10% of household income), and treatment adherence. Interviews yielded qualitative data on barriers via thematic analysis.

Results indicate PMJAY and NTR Aarogya Sri reduced direct medical costs by 66% (from ?31,803 to ?10,793 per hospitalization), enabling timely care for 75% of beneficiaries and averting CHE. RAN aided 12% of late-stage cases with transplants. NTR Aarogya Sri enhanced cervical cancer coverage by 28% through integrated screening under NCD-4.0 (39 lakh screened statewide, identifying 22,861 cases). Enrolment, however, lags at 42% for eligible BPL families, hampered by awareness gaps (65% of respondents), coastal access issues, and 11% claim rejections due to nonempanelled facilities. Indirect costs like travel and wage loss still impoverish 26% of households.

Overall, these schemes foster financial protection and equity in Andhra Pradesh, but scaling requires awareness campaigns, broader networks, and palliative inclusions. Enhanced implementation could prevent 15,000 annual CHE cases, supporting the state’s alignment with India’s 2040 cancer control targets.

Keywords: Ayushman Bharat, NTR Aarogya Sri, Cancer Treatment Costs, Health Insurance Schemes, Financial Toxicity, Vulnerable Populations.

Science subjects remain a significant barrier to students’ academic achievement, particularly among girls who often perceive them as a challenge. This study investigates gender- and territory-based learning inequalities in primary education across developing countries, focusing on Togo. Using PASEC 2019 data, it analyzes disparities in mathematics performance between rural and urban girls. A dual econometric approach is applied: the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition distinguishes effects related to students’ observable characteristics from those associated with differential returns, while Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions provide a nuanced view of disparities across the score distribution. Results reveal an average gap of 97 points in favor of urban girls, two-thirds of which are explained by observable factors such as preschool attendance, housing conditions, child labor, and access to learning materials. The remaining gap reflects contextual inefficiencies, underscoring the need for targeted, context-specific policies to foster equitable inclusion.

Keywords: Academic performance, Blinder-Oaxaca, RIF, PASEC, Togo
JEL Classification: I21, I24, J16,