MAKE MOST OF THE KNOWLEDGE NETWORK, JOIN ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION

In this paper, the author lays out significant but apparently little known facts related to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Using information from the official investigations into the attacks, the author first establishes important realities of what happened on that day and leading up to it, including who carried out and funded the attacks. He then examines public opinion data to show what Americans believe about the attacks and US action afterword. The major purposes of the paper are to examine how much of the truth of the 9/11 attacks is known to the public and the degree to which Americans believe in conspiracy theories related to the attacks.

Keywords: 9/11, September 11, terrorism, public opinion, conspiracies, conspiracy theories

Over ninety-nine percent of gun-related homicides in the U.S. involved a routinely occurring gun incident. More resources should be dedicated to addressing gun crimes by police organizations, especially those at the local level. Local police bear the brunt of most gun crimes and bulk of their investigations; a strong need thus exists for understanding related policy recommendations. Various policies and recommendations against gun crimes have been put forward resulting from related studies and evaluations. What they are and whether or how they should be adopted are not always clearly understood, however. This article provides a review of various gun-crime policies and programs to provide both a conceptual understanding of different approaches to gun crimes and specific choices of actionable gun crime policies. The results include a categorization of policy recommendations and a discussion of whether particular or more types of policies should be pursued and conditions under which these recommendations can be implemented successfully.

Keywords: Police programs, gun crimes, policy recommendations.

Previous macro-level studies of rape have only examined the relationship between gender inequality or socioeconomic status and possible exposure to rapists. The current study overcomes the limitations of previous research by using Social Disorganization Theory, Evolutionary Psychology, and Backlash Hypothesis to simultaneously measure the three key components of RAT. Our analysis predicts victim/offender disaggregated rape counts in U.S. counties using the U.S. Census data and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Our findings reveal the following: (1) Evolutionary Psychology and Backlash Hypothesis variables were not significant as individual predictors for most of the tested models, (2) Social Disorganization variables were positive and significant in most models, and (3) the Evolutionary Psychology-RAT framework was a poor predictor of all types of rape. Our findings reveal the strength of the Backlash Hypothesis as a predictor of rape, as well as the importance of measuring the components of RAT fully and simultaneously.

Keywords: Rape, Social Disorganization Theory, Evolutionary Psychology, Routine Activities Theory, Backlash Hypothesis