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Over the course of history, innovation and research have greatly influenced economic progress. In India, businesses and governments have mostly invested in R&D to promote innovation and create new goods or services. R&D investment as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is quite low, notwithstanding India’s ambition to have a $5 trillion economy in the near future. Consequently, this paper aims to shed some light on R&D investments in India in terms of need and significance, including reasons for low investments, some increasing efforts, specific industries that need these investments, top R&D spending companies in India, tax benefits that are available for such investments in India, and concluding remarks.

The study looked at how deficit funding affected Nigeria’s economic recovery. The study employed secondary data from the CBN statistical bulletin on a variety of topics that were pertinent for the time period under consideration (1981-2019). The analysis used the Johanson Co-integration test, the normalcy test, and the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test. The results of the study showed that borrowing money from abroad to finance deficits significantly helped Nigeria’s economy recover. Also Domestic debt significantly contributes to Nigeria’s economic recovery. Therefore, the study suggests that the government set up monitoring teams to ensure that the budget is implemented carefully and well as well as loans borrowed in order to reduce corruption, links, and wastages. The team will accomplish this by making sure that everyone pays their fair share of taxes. We suggested, among other things, that the government work to diversify its sources of income and exhibit a high degree of transparency in both its monetary and fiscal processes. As one of the mechanisms for economic growth, the government should keep its foreign debt at an ideal level. All external debts should also be used effectively for the intended purpose in order to encourage economic growth.

Keywords: Deficit financing, Domestic debt, External debt, Real gross domestic product, Economic recovery.

The issue of organisational insolvency is very important to the economies of all countries, and it is especially important in light of unforeseen events like the COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in 2020. For bankruptcy forecasting, the creation of statistical models for predicting insolvency is essential, and many models have been presented and assessed for the widest range of circumstances. Using data from 2017, 2018, and 2019, this study applies the logistic regression model, along with its ridge and lasso variations, to Portuguese SMEs in the textile industry and examines how well each model predicts the viability of the companies in 2020. The results show comparable forecasting abilities when using 2019 data; however, whereas the predictions for the conventional logistic regression model deteriorate as the distance to 2020 increases, for the other two models, they are comparable when using 2018 data and improve when using 2017 data, which was unexpected. Additional research is required to discover whether this propensity remains in other circumstances when unexpected occurrences, like the COVID-19 outbreak, have not occurred. This behaviour may, at least in part, be a result of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Keywords: bankruptcy, prediction models, logistic regression, ridge regression, lasso

The study examines the impact of agricultural funding on Nigeria’s efforts to reduce rural poverty. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the data that were taken from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) Statistics Bulletin for this study. The dependent variable was real gross domestic product, and the independent variables were government spending on the agricultural sector, commercial bank credit to the agricultural sector, loans from the agricultural sector guarantee scheme, and the lending rate to the agricultural sector. The results indicate that government spending on the agricultural sector contributes positively but insignificantly to Nigeria’s gross domestic product, while commercial bank credit, loans from the Agricultural Sector Guarantee Scheme Fund, and lending rates all have a positive and significant impact. To improve the economy’s performance in the agricultural sector, it was said that government at all levels should provide assistance for the industry. The researchers advise that the government enact measures to diversify the Nigerian economy, promote agricultural credit operations to reduce risk, and give specialised staff access to oversee loans given to farmers in order to minimise default. To encourage farmers to take out loans from deposit money banks, the government should see to it that the lending rate on loans to the agricultural sector is reviewed and set at a rate that is favourable to them.

Keywords: Agricultural Financing, Rural Poverty Alleviation, Real Gross Domestic Product, Government Expenditure to Agricultural Sector, Commercial Bank Credit to Agricultural Sector, Agricultural Sector Guarantee Scheme Fund Loan to Agricultural Sector, Lending Rate Loan to Agricultural Sector

The primary goal of this research was to determine how Nigeria’s contributory pension system affected the country’s Human Development Index. The National Pension Commission Annual Report and the Central Bank Statistics Bulletin were used to collect the data for this ex-post-facto study’s analysis. A model was developed based on empirical and theoretical reviews to accomplish this goal. The dependent variable in the model was the Human Development Index, and the independent variables were private sector pension funds, public sector pension funds, and total pension funds. The Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) model was used in this study to examine the data. The results of this study showed that total pension funds, private sector pension funds, and public sector pension funds all had positive and significant effects on the human development index within the parameters of this study, with p-values of 0.0000, 0.0000, and 0.0031, respectively. The inference result led to the conclusion that Nigeria’s economic progress had been positively and significantly impacted by the contributory pension program. Providing timely pension payments to beneficiaries in the public and private sectors will stimulate economic growth by introducing cash into the economy. The researcher concludes from the foregoing that the government should ensure that pension payments are made on time, in accordance with the Pension Reform Act of 2014; if this is accomplished, the human development index would be enhanced through an increase in the citizens’ standard of living.

Keywords: Contributory Pension Scheme, Pension Reforms, Private Sector Funds, Public Sector Funds, Total Pension Funds, Human Development Index