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On January 1st 2016, the State Bank of Vietnam has been implementing a new exchange rate policy. This is seen as a significant change in the exchange rate regime to affect various economic factors. In the paper, I focus on analyze and evaluate the relationship between the official exchange rate and the parallel exchange rate. The study answers a question ‘Does the official exchange rate drive the parallel exchange rate, or vice versa?’ The paper applies the Vector Error Correction Model and uses data over the span of 2010-2018. Based on these time series, the study investigates the above mentioned relationship in different subperiods of 2010-2015 and 2016-2018 following the change of the exchange rate policy. The main results are as follows: (1) The official exchange rate cannot drive the parallel exchange rate in both 2010-2015 and 2016- 2018 periods; (2) The parallel exchange rate can drive the official exchange rate over the period of 2010-2015 but this fact does not occur over the period of 2016-2018 as the Government enforces the new exchange rate mechanism. The findings imply that the new exchange rate policy is efficient to prevent the parallel exchange rate affecting on the official exchange rate.

Keywords: Official exchange rate, parallel exchange rate, VECM, Vietnam.

JEL code: C32, F31, F65

Establishing the relationship between indirect tax and household consumption has locales fundamental to researchers and policy makers in developing countries and Nigeria in particular. However, there has been no agreement whether indirect tax is beneficial or detrimental to household consumption. This study therefore examines the empirical relationship between indirect tax and household consumption in Nigeria using time series data covering the period of 1985 to 2020. It specifically explores the shortrun and longrun relationship between indirect tax and household consumption. The study employed the ordinary least square and cointegration estimation techniques for ascertain the relationship between indirect tax and household consumption. The study reveals a positive insignificant relationship between value added tax and household consumption. The study further revealed that personal income tax impacts negatively, whereas inflation rate impacts negatively on household consumption. Value added tax was statistically insignificant. Inflation rate was statistically significant while personal income tax exhibited a statistically significant probability value. The study recommends that a more antiinflationary policy should be formulated and regulated to check the effect of inflation on consumption. Efficient regulations policy should be formulated to check the impact of personal income tax on consumption. There should be efficient pricing of consumer good such that products and prices would not be abused.

Keywords: VAT, Personal Income Tax, Inflation Rate, Household Consumption, Regression, Cointegration analysis.

This paper utilizes existing methodology to analyze the contribution of agriculture as a proportion of GDP with timeseries data (1990-2021) for the Indian economy after the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. The study focuses on changes in the GDP shares of agriculture, manufacturing, and services, and considers the implications of these changes for overall economic performance. A decomposition of the total decline in the share of agriculture in GDP suggests that the relative price effects which have received the most attention in the literature were found to be relatively minor influences. The decline in the price of agricultural output relative to the price of manufactured output contributed around ten percent of the measured decline in agriculture’s share of GDP. The rise in the relative price of services contributed an additional 18 percent. Changes in the economy’s stocks of capital and labor and a possible bias against agriculture in technical change were found to contribute over threequarters of the total decline in the share of agriculture in the Indian economy. The importance of the capital and labor variables accounts for almost threequarters of the observed decline in the share of agriculture.

Supplyside influences such as capital accumulation and technical change may be the most important determinants of the decline in agriculture’s share of GDP in India. Demandside factors operating through relative commodity prices, seem to be much less important. This conclusion has major implications for policies for economic development and structural change and suggests a need for reorientation of the literature on agriculture’s role in economic development towards supplyside influences of factor accumulation and technical change.

Keywords: Contribution to GDP, Economic Growth, Engel’s Law, Cointegration, Augmented Dickey Fuller.

JEL classification: Q01 ; Q16; C67.

Environmentalists agree that the world’s 6.6 billion people contribute to climate change, which is referred to as “global warming,” “weather change,” and other terms. Agriculture, hydropower, and biodiversity are all negatively impacted by climate change. This research focuses on the required adaptation methods, which include the necessary mitigation changes to boost Egypt’s agricultural sector. Egypt’s largest source of employment is the agricultural sector. This research focuses on how changing weather affects agriculture, how to manage risks, and how to employ hedging tactics to assist their economies to thrive. The value chain has been designed to focus on the scientific links between the ability to adapt to climate changes such as the sealevel rise and land laser leveling as a prerequisite for minimizing saline groundwater on the Mediterranean coast in northern Egypt and the ability to adapt to global warming in Upper Egypt to monitor the achievement of performance and equity in cropping patterns in Egypt by focusing on the current strategic preparedness plan for global climatic change. Farm profits will increase by 30.391%, 190.818 %, water use will fall by 28.159%, 28.180%, carbon dioxide emissions will reduce by 20.582%, 22.840%, and energy will decrease by 23.654%, 28.546% in Egypt’s old and new lands as a result of more favorable crop trends.

Keywords: Sustainable Food Security through Climate Agriculture (SFSTCA) as a value chain consisting of: Climate Agriculture Assessment (CAA) and Climate Agriculture Analysis of Environmentally Extended Inputs and Outputs (CAAEEIO).